Anatomical Liver (Hepar).

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 Introduction:-  

 1) It is the largest gland of the body.

 2) It is exocrine and endocrine gland                     

 3) Situated in the right upper quadrant                            of abdominal cavity 

*Exocrine part secrete the bile and endocrine part secrete the plasma, protein, glucose and heparin.

Shape:- Wedge

Dimension:-

                       1. Length - 6"

                       2. Breath -6"

                       3. Thickness - 5"

 Weight :- At birth - 150 gm

In adult male - 1600 gm

In female- 1300 gm

Situation:-                                                                                              1. Right hypochondrium.

                      2. Left hypochondrium

                      3. Epigastrium


External features:-

1.Surface:-         

                   1. Anterior surface

                   2. Posterior

                   3. Superior

                   4. Inferior

                   5. Right or lateral surface

2. Border:-

 Inferior border: Most define border. 

The other border not define.

3.Fissures:- 

1. Fissure for ligamentum teres

2.Fissure for ligamentum vinosum                         

3. Groove for inferior vena cava                               

4. Fossa for gallbladder 

5. Porta hepatis


4.Lobes:-

1.Right Lobes

2.Left lobe

3.Caudate lobe

4.Quadrate lobe

5.Reidel'slobe (Sometime)

5.Ligaments:-

1. Lesser omentum

2. Coronary ligament

3. Right triangular ligament

4. Left triangularligament

5. Falciparum ligament

6. Ligamentum teres

6.Bare area:-

 1. Largest bare area

2. Groove for IVC

3. Gallbladder fossa

4. Porta hepatis

5. Between two layer of falciparum ligament

RELATION POSTERO INTERIOR SURFACE OF LIVER. 

*blood supply:- Liver receive blood from 20% hepatic artery and 80% portal vein.

Before entering the liver, both the hepatic artery nd the portal vein divided into right and left branches. 

The hepatic arterial blood mixes with the portal venous blood in the sinusoids. 

There are no anastomoses between adjoining hepatic arterial territories and hence each branch is an end artery. 

*Venous drainage:- 

                                 1.Hepatic vein drain into IVC.

The hepatic veins are arranged in two groups:-

1.upper

2.lower

*The upper group consist of 3 large veins: Right, Left and Middle, which emerge through the upper part of the groove for the inferior vena cava and open directly into the vena cava. 

This veins keeps the liver suspended. 

*lower group consist of a variable number of small veins from the right lobe and the caudate lobe which emerge through the lower part of the caval groove and open into the vena cava. 

*Lymphatic drainage:-

                       1. Hepatic lymph node

                       2. Coelic lymph node 

*Nerve supply:- Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve (vagal fibres) and hepatic plexus.

 *Function:- 

 * Liver is an indispensable gland of                             the body. 

1.Metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins

2.synthesis of bile and prothrombin 

3.Excretion of drugs, toxins, poisons, cholesterol,        bile pigment and heavy metal. 

4.storage of glycogen, iron, vitamins A&D


**Applied Anatomy:-

                           1.Cirrhosis of liver:- liver tissue                                     undergoes fibrosis and shrink. 

                          2.Hepatitis:- inflammation of liver. 

                            3. Jaundice:  Most common, test                                                             serum bilirubin. 

                            4.Hepatomegaly:  Enlargement of                                                                liver. 

                            5.Carcinoma of liver. 

                           6.Liver resection:-  liver can regrow to it's original size within 6-12  months after resection. 

    


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